Pan-arabism and Pan-islamism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dish arabism and Pan-islamism - Essay Example Dish Arabism is a political hypothesis of embracing solidarity of the North Africa and West Asia nations from the Atlantic Ocean to the Arabian Ocean. This segment is known as the Arab World. Skillet Islamism then again is a political development suggesting the solidarity of Muslims under one Islamic state, order, or authority that is like International Organization. One regular factor between Pan-Arabism and Pan-Islamism is the way that Islam as a religion is established on Arabic as a language. The greater part of the Pan-Arabic nations have Muslims as their tenant and they maintain the religion’s conventions as a component of the constitution of the nations. Arabic language is likewise the national language in the Pan-Arabic nations. In any case, there are a few nations, which have Muslims however don't maintain Arabic as a national language. The two belief systems are totally extraordinary. Dish Arabism has conviction that there ought to be one country in the Arabic world; like Umayyad Caliphate as in was in 750 C. E. at the point when it had no Persia or Southern Spain. (Schmid) They accepted that Turks, Europeans, and avaricious rulers misleadingly drew Arab fringes from Arab and that Arab individuals had a nature of being in an enormous country like the United States.

Examples of Simple Sentences With the Verb Learn

Instances of Simple Sentences With the Verb Learn As an English student, youll need to think about the verb learn. Learn is one of only a handful scarcely any action words in English that have two worthy structures forâ the past straightforward and as a participle. Learnt or learned is adequate in both American and British English, butâ learnedâ is increasingly basic in American English.â Base Form: ​Learn Utilize the base type of the action word in basic tenses including the current straightforward. The base type of learn is additionally utilized with the future structure and modular structures such asâ can,â should,â andâ must: I typically gain proficiency with a great deal when I travel.Will you pick up anything about math today?ï » ¿You ought to learn at any rate one unknown dialect. Past Simple: Learned or Learnt Use either learnedâ orâ learntâ in past straightforward positive sentences: The youngsters found out about squirrels in school yesterday.I figured out how to play the piano at five years old. Past Participle: Learned or Learnt Utilize the past participleâ learnedâ orâ learntâ in past, present, and future immaculate structures. This past participle structure is likewise utilized in aloof sentences. Immaculate Forms: Shelleys took in a ton in the United States.Peter had figured out how to check to ten preceding he turned one year old.They will have taken in their exercise before the following week's over. Uninvolved Forms: Latin was found out by most understudies in the mid 1900s.Patience is an exercise that has been learned by anybody attempting to contemplate a language. Present Participle: Learning The present participleâ learningâ is maybe the most widely recognized structure as it is utilized in past, present, and future ceaseless structures, just as with the past, present, and future immaculate persistent structures: Ceaseless Forms: Hes learning a little Chinese this month.I wasnt picking up anything new when you interfered with the meeting.Hell be learning a great deal of new things this time one week from now. Flawless Continuous Forms: Shes been learning English for a couple years.Theyd been taking in a great deal from Tom before Alice returned.Tom will have been learning Japanese for a long time before the finish of next term. Model Sentences with Learn Here are model sentences in eachâ tense in English. As you study these models, envision a course of events on which the activities occur to help become acquainted with tense usage. Please note that latent structures are considerably less normal in ordinary English than dynamic structures. Present Simple: She learns dialects quickly.Present Simple Passive: Math is found out gradually by some.Present Continuous: Jack is right now learning Russian.Present Continuous Passive: Russian is being educated by the students.Present Perfect: Angela has learnt four languages.Present Perfect Passive: Four dialects have been learnt by Angela.Present Perfect Continuous: Angela has been learning Arabic for as long as not many months.Past Simple: Jennifer figured out how to play poker yesterday evening.Past Simple Passive: Poker was found out rapidly by all.Past Continuous: She was learning her exercise when he telephoned.Past Continuous Passive: The exercise was being realized when he arrived.Past Perfect: She had taken in the melody by heart before Jack did.Past Perfect Passive: The tune had learnt by heart by the class before the artist arrived.Past Perfect Continuous: Our youngsters had been learning English for two months before we moved.Future (will): She will learn quickly.Futur e (will) inactive: another tune will be found out soon. Future (going to): She will gain proficiency with another dialect next year.Future (going to) uninvolved: another tune will be found out next week.Future Continuous: This time one week from now we will learn in another classroom.Future Perfect: She will have picked up everything before the finish of the month.Future Possibility: She may get the hang of something new.Real Conditional: If she learns Russian, she will make a trip to Moscow.Unreal Conditional: If she learnt Russian, she would venture out to Moscow.Past Unreal Conditional: If she had learnt Russian, she would have gone to Moscow.Present Modal: She can learn easily.Past Modal: She cannot have discovered that so rapidly! Test Conjugate with Learn Utilize the action word learnâ to conjugate the accompanying sentences. In a few cases, more than one answer might be right. Angela _____ Arabic for as long as not many months.Math _____ gradually by some.Poker _____ rapidly by all.She _____ the tune by heart before Jack did.A new tune _____next week.She _____ everything before the finish of the month.If she _____ Russian, she would have ventured out to Moscow.Angela _____ four languages.She _____ dialects quickly.Jack _____ presently _____ Russian. Answers: has been learningis learnt/is learnedwas learnt/was learnedhad learnt/had learnedis going to be scholarly/will be learnedwill have learnt/will have learnedhad learnt/had learnedhas learnt/has learnedlearnsis learning

A Comparison of Shakespeares Prince Hamlet and Machiavelli’s The Princ

A Comparison of Prince Hamlet and Machiavelli's The Princeâ â â â â â â â â â Â Â â Machiavelli expresses that it is essential for a sovereign, who wishes to look after himself, to figure out how not to be acceptable, and utilize this information and not use it, as indicated by the need of the case. Machiavelli's thoughts both thoroughly analyze to the strategies utilized by Hamlet. Hamlet's longing to make the ruler frantic and inevitably execute him, is the thing that he figures he should do so as to fix things. Hamlet battles to keep up his situation as ruler. Maybe he does not have the fundamental characteristics of a ruler delineated by Machiavelli. Â As indicated by Machiavelli, the quest for all things viewed as prudent and admirable will just prompt the ruler's ruin. This is totally evident on account of Hamlet, since he is on a journey to vindicate his dad's demise. The fight among great and shrewdness is continually in the cutting edge of Hamlet's brain, as he falters between acting common or seeking retribution inside and out. In the first place, Hamlet battles to stay great consistently, however this causes him extraordinary anguish. Hamlet is a legit man, who laments for his dad. He endures on account of the deceptive nature of the others in the court, particularly his mom and his uncle, and later, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. Hamlet can see through them all, and understand that they're unscrupulous. He expresses these words to Guildenstern: Anything besides to th' reason. You were sent for, and there is a sort of admission in your looks, which your modesties have not make enough to shading. I know the great King and Quee n have sent for you. (Hamlet, II, ii., 278-280) Â Hamlet's genuineness is likewise observed when he is talking with his mom. In act I, scene ii, Gertrude asks him for what reason the de... ...e his objective was to get and hold power. He needed to demonstrate Claudius to be an unfit ruler, and he did as such, yet just as Hamlet himself was going to kick the bucket. Hamlet needed to cause distress by executing the ruler, however at long last, he is viewed as a legend, since he exposed his dad's executioner. Â Sources Cited and Consulted: Dim, Terry A. Mr. William Shakespeare and the Internet. http://www.palomar.edu/Library/shake.htm. Jones, W. T. Experts of Political Thought. Ed. Edward, McChesner, and Sait. Vol. 2. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1947. Lee A. Jacobus.â A World of Ideas: Essential Readings for College Writers.â fifth release. Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin's, 1998. Machiavelli, Niccolo. The Prince. Trans. Slope Thompson. Norwalk: The Easton Press, 1980. Shakespeare, William. The Three-Text Hamlet. Eds. Paul Bertram and Bernice Kliman. New York: AMS Press, 1991.

My definition of the american dream Free Essays

The American dream that made individuals leave their countries in the past just stayed a fantasy in light of the fact that there are individuals who despite everything have not â€Å"made it† in America. There is something out of order in the fuss that is about the American Dream. On one side, the American Dream stays a fantasy wherein the defilement and the indifference of individuals keeps on keeping it from working out while on the opposite side, the American Dream accompanies too high a cost. We will compose a custom paper test on My meaning of the american dream or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now It requests the individual’s culture, it torments the individual and persuades him into feeling that on the off chance that you don't acclimatize the American culture, you will never make it. For example, the principles for acknowledgment are sufficiently unpretentious to be forgotten about in regular conversations yet for the run of the mill outsider who is either yellow or dark, the message of â€Å"embrace of efface† reverberates like a boisterous gong. The American Dream will consistently be an Utopian dream until individuals understand that material riches isn't the main way for progress and bliss. For together with the positive qualities that the American measure has assisted with achieving, there is the basic analysis that such dream has eventually brought about the dismissal of that which associates the â€Å"self† to the â€Å"other.† Just as opportunity in America has realized or allowed huge salary imbalances, so did American independence that came about because of this fantasy, help to create an environment of pride and noninterference, and in increasingly outrageous cases, propagate destitution, prejudice, sexism, and extravagance. At the point when left unchecked, this can cause disunity among our kin. Americans should offset independence with sympathy for other people. Pinnacle entertainers who show the incomparable American maverick qualities start with potential. However history is covered with the bones of individuals who never changed over potential into accomplishment. Characteristic gifts turn helpful just when one looks at what is his. One characteristic that makes the United States incredible is its comprehensiveness. Everything gets taken in, including an intriguing condition of pressure between a longing for accomplishment from one viewpoint and the standards of uniformity on the other. The American dream is a fantasy that is realistic however everything relies upon one’s mentality. To show this plainly, in Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman, the creator utilizes the area of Willy with Wagner, which should be only a short experience with his chief. In any case, as the scene advances, the perusers really want to sympathize with Willy’s condition. Willy is by all accounts truly stuck before. He brings all the guarantees of a dead man and depends on that more than his relationship with Howard and what was going on among them by then (Miller). Would we be able to keep our own fantasies alive and not get disrupted without anyone else or by life? The American Dream guarantees individuals from varying backgrounds and all nations of birthplace that inside this land, there is opportunity from persecution, opportunity from destitution and material riches yet for others, it will just stay a fantasy for them. As Langston Hughes remarks,â â€Å"I am the individuals, unassuming, hungry, meanâ€Hungry yet today in spite of the dream.†Ã¢ There have been setbacks during this battle for the American Dream. The place where there is the free is as yet a place where there is persecution and despite the fact that individuals might want to see it as a place that is known for fresh chances to succeed, it turns out to be progressively similar to a place where there is duplicity and bogus expectations. Another outline on this issue is on page 77 of Barlow’s book, Between Fear and Hope: Globalization and Race in the United States, he makes reference to, â€Å"The worldwide era’s pressure implies that an expanding number of Americans get a handle on left of the social order† saying that â€Å"morbid side effects particularly prejudice and dread of outsiders have showed up. To put it plainly, globalization is delivering an emergency in the white collar class social order.† (Barlow, p. 77). I imagine that more than the weight of globalization on Americans, it is the utilization of the U.S. globalization as their apparatus for global control that is tension inciting. The US, as indicated by numerous onlookers utilizes globalization to make remote economies open up their business sectors to such an extent that these can be overflowed with US-made vehicles, garments, food, even famous actors, to such an extent that these outside business sectors excitedly expend these items without truly knowing who at long last advantages from this game. As the entrepreneur economy of the United States has endure communism, numerous remote countries are currently being denied of much-required assets for their own turn of events, and are left reliant on outside made items, which thus exhaust their own dollar holds. The outcome is an outrageous polarization of riches, and the overextension of the hole between the world’s most extravagant and least fortunate countries. This is so evident as in creating countries, for example, India, there are really numerous clients ready to purchase the results of the capitalists.â For example, in the city of India, we see numerous announcements of â€Å"Coke†, or of US cigarettes.â An individual who buys this item once in a while has the opportunity to contemplate on the way that piece of the income made out of that deal advances these effectively rich industrialist countries. Maybe captivating in patriot arrangements, for example, belittling one’s own items with a coordinating mindfulness and instruction crusade will help cause these individuals to understand that the time has come to enhance one’s own nation first, before adding to the economies of others. An open door lies here in light of the fact that nearby makers in creating nations will be compelled to accomplish more innovative work to deliver merchandise and enterprises that can rival remote ones. The American dream and globalization play a significant and noteworthy job in continuing gainfulness regardless of what the endeavor is or where such is found or how it is getting along business.â Reality shows that any business undertaking can't make due without embracing the serious worldwide business framework using innovation. In fact, societies crash through exchange, and whether during the time spent exchanging, innovation wrecks the local expressions and dumps down the social orders all over the place. The impacts of family standards, religion, or habits and even social practices have enormous impact in generally speaking appraisal of globalization.â Focusing on the business sectors and deciding the accessible opportunity practiced in investigating the commercial center are zones influenced by these influences.â It is in every case best to contemplate the mechanics of how the economy functions in reality. Studies show that the estimation of achievement in the economy is controlled by specific recipes and applied financial standards yet one should likewise understand that inventiveness and advancements that start from non-monetary foundation should likewise be applied to think of the correct sort of blend. Man’s resourcefulness, his diagnostic psyche and legitimate thinking must be shared, examined with other people who are into a similar exercise so better answers for issues are defined to make the country’s economy work in this quickly evolving world. The American dream has cleared the way where the U.S. is overseen just as approach choices that were detailed. Works refered to Barlow, Andrew. Among Fear and Hope: Globalization and Race in the United States, 2003. Rowman Littlefield Publishers, Inc. Mill operator, Arthur. Passing of a Salesman. Hughes, L.â Let America Be America Again. 1938.â Retrieved Jan 2, 2007 at: http://www.poetryconnection.net/writers/Langston_Hughes/2385 Step by step instructions to refer to My meaning of the american dream, Essay models

Unemployment in the European Nations Italy, Spain, Portugal and Greece Essay

Joblessness in the European Nations Italy, Spain, Portugal and Greece - Essay Example Joblessness in the European countries of Italy, Spain, Portugal and Greece What makes joblessness most perilous is that it legitimately influences the development of a country. Relentlessly significant levels of joblessness have become a typical situation all through the vast majority of the European Union. In spite of the fact that, it stands out impressively from the similarly low joblessness levels in neighboring created countries, particularly in those of the United States and Japan. Inspite of the way that high joblessness rate is rendered as a typical issue in European associations, there are huge varieties in the joblessness paces of every one of its members1. Notwithstanding being among the created European nations, joblessness rate in Spain, Italy, Portugal, and Greece is ascending at a stunning rate. The Problem of Unemployment in Spain The differentiating contrast in the joblessness pace of the European countries was basically perceived in the joblessness pace of Spain. In the time of March 2004, it was prove that the joblessness rate in Luxembur g was at a low of 4.0%, while in Spain, it arrived at a mammoth 11.1%. It is huge that there are different components eccentric to every one of those countries with taking off joblessness rate results to this issue. This wonder is basically obvious on account of Spain, as industriously significant level of joblessness has been recorded there. The situation in Spain was once so terrible that joblessness rate recorded was double the normal of the European nation’s joblessness rate. High joblessness rate is right now a difficult that is experienced by all practically all the significant countries of the European Union. ... condition is terrible to the point, that it is the elevated level of joblessness that basically recognizes the economies of the European part nations with that of the United States. The circumstance is risky as, underutilization of assets happens because of the low degree of joblessness. This at the same time brings about decay of the all out creation of merchandise that could have been accomplished in a steady business circumstance. This impels the resident of Spain to move into different nations on the off chance that they can't get legitimate business conditions in their local nation. It is a general marvel that individuals need to allot to work places where they get higher wages for their work. Recognizing the explanation of joblessness from a neo old style point of view, a few key components can be distinguished. The essential among them is the genuine components identified with pursuit of employment. The activity advertise is rarely steady, as the recurrence of laborers changin g occupations is basically high. In spite of the fact that the issue takes a bigger shape when this adjustments in work takes quite a while because of heterogeneity of the work power and employment opportunities. This infers there is no huge harmony between the work gracefully and the work assimilation in the market. This condition is because of the absence of employment opportunities, absence of legitimate data about business, and the expense of retraining that numerous specialists can't adapt up to. Another factor that adds to low business is inflexibility in the wages of laborers, because of work enactment and noteworthy impact of trade guilds. The pay rigidity’s impact is basically noted when the costs of merchandise fall because of the lessening sought after for items, which all the while diminishes the minor efficiency of laborers. In this situation, because of inflexibility of work flexibly in

A Time of Despair or a Time of Action Future Health Care Professionals as Political Advocates

1.#ProtectOurPatients â€Å"I’m asking you to believe--not in my ability to create change, but in yours.† ~Barack Obama, Farewell Address, January 11, 2017 In the wake of Trump’s election and serious threats to the Affordable Care Act, many health professionals are working to organize and advocate for equitable access to health care, women’s reproductive rights, and more. As a student dreaming of a career in the health profession, it’s never too early to get involved or spearhead some efforts of your own. We need all hands on deck! Political advocacy and understanding the intricacies of the healthcare marketplace are not required pre-med classes or extracurriculars, but they are absolutely fundamental to the well-being of our patients and our ability to practice medicine effectively. Health insurance determines who has access to you, as a future health practitioner, and influences when and in what state of health patients might come see you (e.g., to the emergency room with an advanced disease that might have been prevented with inexpensive screening). Many of us in the health profession believe that healthcare is a basic human right, but in our country it is treated as an economic commodity, with large for-profit corporations such as insurance and pharmaceutical companies exerting a heavy hand in its distribution. If you’re interested in a primer on the ACA and understanding why 18 million Americans stand to lose coverage if it is repealed, I recommend this 6 minute video from the Kaiser Family Foundation. This is another short, excellent, and shocking video on the health of Americans, quality of care, cost of care, and prices of certain services compared to other countries. Whether you’re a student interested in getting involved on your own or are part of a larger pre-med/pre-health organization at your school, there is no need to re-invent the wheel in terms of advocacy. Here are some great groups to get linked up with and actionable items you can tackle: 1.#ProtectOurPatients This is a grassroots movement started by future health care professionals around the country, who traveled to DC on January 9th to protest repeal of the ACA. One of the big take-aways they learned from their meetings with senators on the Hill is that phone calls do make a difference. When a congressperson’s office is swamped with calls and the phone never stops ringing, how constituents are feeling is palpable and cannot be ignored in a way that’s not the same with e-mails flooding an inbox. An easy action is setting up phone banking at your dining hall or another busy spot on campus. This great tool features a script for phone calls, phone numbers, and a list of the most important offices to call (AK, TN, OH, ME, LA, WI, KY, AZ). Call these senators and your own. For more actions or to reach out and collaborate, see the Protect Our Patients Facebook page. 2. Center for Reproductive Rights If you’re passionate about advocating for women’s health rights that are under threat, the Center for Reproductive Rights is a great organization to follow. Many medical schools also have a chapter of Medical Students for Choice which you may be able to collaborate with as a pre-med student. You can also follow the 10 Actions for the first 100 Days coming out of the Women’s March on Washington. 3. Looking Ahead: Swing States Control of the House will be decided in 2018 by a handful of swing districts, which have been mapped out here. Take a look to see if you live in or near one, and can mobilize your fellow students to canvas, volunteer, etc. 4. Write your Local Newspaper Write an op ed for your local newspaper, especially if you are a constituent of or a student in a state that is expected to have a swing vote ACA repeal (see above). A friend, classmate, and fellow CC tutor, Margaret Hayden, wrote this excellent op ed in the Portland Herald for an idea of how to get started on your own. 5. Hold a Health Justic Forum Lastly, don’t worry alone! Hold a Health Justice Community Forum - Invite students, faculty, and staff at your school to come together to share stories, support one another, and exchange ideas for how your community can organize together. I hope this post has inspired you not to despair and to get involved, fighting for the rights of your future patients! Reach out to me with any questions or thoughts at Anna_Morenz@hms.harvard.edu.

Why People Blame Cds For Recent Financial Crisis Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

This briefing paper provides background on the derivatives markets and their role in the financial crisis, evaluates aspects of the main reform proposals and whether or not these reforms should be implemented. One of the least understood but potentially among the more damaging factors contributing to the crisis in global financial markets is an asset class known as over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives and one OTC product in particular known as credit default swaps or CDS. Indeed, even were there not multiple financial market crises underway, reforming the CDS market would still be an urgent problem. Warren Buffett famously described CDSs as weapons of financial mass destruction in Berkshire Hathaways 2002 annual report. However, Buffett recently admitted that his company has sold at least 251 derivative contracts with a total face value of more than $14 billion. Buffett says he plans to continue selling CDSs because the odds strongly favor making money. The architecture of derivatives markets is now in play because of two, related policy concerns that arose from the financial crisis: systemic risk and market efficiency. Systemic risk is the danger that failing financial institutions will destabilize the financial system and thereby threaten the wider economy. When unconstrained by effective risk management or regulation, derivatives enable high concentrations of risk in individual financial institutions. Derivatives markets are efficient if trading costs are low and risk is well distributed among investors. The most important ingredient for market efficiency is competition, which in turn depends on price transparency and on relatively unencumbered access to trading by a broad set of market partic ipants. Why people blame CDS for the recent financial crisis? The financial crisis was exacerbated by derivatives markets in two basic ways. First, insurance companies such as AIG, Ambac, and MBIA used CDS to sell protection on CDOs backed by sub-prime mortgages to such an extent that they were severely impaired when those CDOs experienced large losses from mortgage defaults. This in turn contributed to the weaknesses of the banks that had bought and relied upon the protection of these credit default swaps. Second, the failures of the large investment banks Bear Stearns and Lehman Brothers were exacerbated by a run of their OTC derivatives counterparties. The flight of these derivatives counterparties, as they sought new positions with other dealers, may also have contributed to the fragility of global financial markets. In the same vein, a number of other large dealer banks had to be bailed out for reasons that included the dangers posed by the potential flights of their derivatives portfolios. The AIG Fiasco AIG, the most egregious ex ample of the first type, was bailed out in response to losses suffered by its subsidiary AIG FP, which had sold CDS protection on over $400 billion of CDOs. As AIGs losses mounted, downgrades to its credit rating were about to trigger contractual obligations for AIG to post large amounts of additional collateral on its CDS positions. AIG did not have the resources to meet these calls for more collateral. The federal government stepped in to support AIG, at a massive cost to U.S. taxpayers. Clearing would not have helped here. The AIG credit derivatives contracts were customized to the particular CDOs that they covered. Even had CDS clearing existed at the time, these AIG CDS would not have been sufficiently standard to have been cleared. Only better risk management by AIG and better regulatory supervision could have prevented this disaster. Flaws in CDS: In my view, CDS and the entire OTC derivatives market represents a form of regulatory arbitrage a retrograde and deliberate evasion of established prudential norms masquerading under the innocent guise of innovation. As in the case for the OTC market for unregistered securitizations, OTC derivatives are essentially designed to generate supernormal returns for a relatively small group of global banks which traffic in these officially sanctioned, but private gaming contracts. The practical problems with CDS contracts come from several basic flaws in the regulatory, legal and business model for these instruments, deliberate flaws that include: An archaic, bilateral clearing scheme that has only recently begun to be reformed, A deliberate lack of standardization and price transparency that advantages the CDS dealer No common central counterparty to guarantee all trades and to hold collateral, and thus no effective limit dealer leverage A schizophrenic pricing methodolog y that has little connection to the several different types of underlying market and credit risk contained in CDS contracts Are the reforms really needed? Reform is necessary to re-establish confidence in the financial system, particularly among global investors. The reform proposal is well thought out, at least in theory; it attempts to fill most of the cracks in the regulatory framework, cracks that contributed significantly to the current financial crisis. Even with the reforms implemented we would have decreased the impact of this financial meltdown. Reforms which are being implemented: BigBang protocol: On March 12, 2009, International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. (ISDA), published the Credit Derivatives Determinations Committee and Auction Settlement Supplement (the Supplement) and Protocol (the Big Bang Protocol). The Supplement will introduce four broad changes into the Credit Default Swap (CDS) market that will be applied to new CDS trades and can be applied to existing CDS contracts via adherence to the Big Bang Protocol. Each of these changes is outlined in the discussion below. And these became effective from April 8 2009. The changes made by the ISDA were: Adopts the auction model as the default settlement mechanism based on the documentation used in connection with previous credit derivative auction protocols; Establishes Credit Derivatives Determinations Committees (Determinations Committees) for the purpose of making determinations with respect to credit events and succession events, for overseeing the auction process (and any modification required for a specific credit event) and for addressing other issues presented by the CDS market; Establishes a credit event backstop date and a successor event backstop date; and Modifies currency exchange rates and related provisions for physical settlement and the auction settlement process to eliminate the perceived inequity relating to foreign exchange provisions with respect to the use and amendment of a Notice of Physical Settlement during the settlement of CDS trades. 100/500 Trading style: ISDA has also announced a new Standard North American Corporate CDS contract, nicknamed SNAC. SNAC is a single-name CDS contract with a fixed coupon of 100 or 500 basis points, depending on whether the Reference Entity is considered investment grade (for which the fixed coupon is 100 basis points) or high yield (for which the coupon is 500 basis points). SNAC contracts will also trade without Restructuring as an applicable credit event. Note that adhering to the Big Bang Protocol will not convert existing CDS contracts to SNAC. The Big Bang Protocol and the new SNAC contract are separate ISDA initiatives that will take effect on the same date. Reforms which are being proposed: The three main derivative reform proposals under discussion On July 30, 2009, the chairs of the House Financial Services Committee and the House Agriculture Committee outlined their joint principles for new derivatives legislation (the Frank- Peterson principles) On August 11, 2009, the Obama administration released its proposed Over-the-Counter Derivatives Markets Act of 2009 (the Treasury plan) On June 26, 2009, the House passed the American Clean Energy and Security Act (Waxman-Markey), can be evaluated with respect to several stated policy options that are believed, in varying degrees, to reduce systematic risk and improve the efficiency of the derivatives markets. They are: Centralized clearing, Improved price transparency, Improved position transparency, Migration of over-the-counter trading to exchanges, Speculative position limits, and Improved corporate governance in the area of risk management. Centralized clearing: A move towards the centralized clearing of OTC derivatives is an important component of all of the proposed packages of reforms. A contract is cleared when a central clearing counterparty, informally known as a clearing house, legally assumes the position of buyer from the original seller, and seller to the original buyer. The original counterparties post initial performance margin with the clearing house. As the position is marked to market each day, they pay or receive variation margin in recognition of any reductions or increases in the market values of their positions. These margin payments are normally made in cash or treasury securities. Clearing insulates counterparties from each other, provided that the clearing houses are themselves well designed and capitalized. In addition to any direct reductions in counterparty risk, clearing reduces the sort of run-on-the-bank behavior that was likely to have quickened the failures of Bear Stearns and Lehman. The main concern is ho w to encourage the growth of effective central clearing. Clearing is a relatively expensive process. For each type of derivatives contract, a clearing house must set up standard terms for acceptable contracts, determine formulas for initial margins, and set up a methodology for pricing cleared derivatives for the purpose of determining variation margin payments. Proper financial controls and carefully crafted legal contracts are required. Systems for the processing of trades and collateral are needed. Because of these costs and because of the requirement for daily or even more frequent pricing, it only makes sense to clear types of derivatives that are relatively commoditized, that is, widely and heavily traded in a standard form. In July 2009, Eurex began clearing CDS contracts, partly in response to the European Commissions demand that dealers arrange for separate Europe-based clearing of Eurozone credit default swaps. In general, counterparty risk is higher when clearing is separated across clearing houses. This follows from the lost opportunity to offset the exposures that can arise when a financial institutions cleared derivatives positions have a net negative market value at one clearing house and a net positive market value at another clearing house. From this viewpoint, it is better to have a small number of central clearing counterparties, and to have joint clearing of interest-rate swaps, credit default swaps, and other derivatives. National regulators would do well to cooperate on the regulation and supervision of clearing houses. Among the issues to be resolved for the effective international supervision of clearing houses is the division of responsibility for bailouts, should a clearing house need government support. Overall, while the clearing of inter-dealer OTC derivatives positions is still quite limited, the clearing of positions between dealers and their customers is even less common. The New York Fed has asked dealers to arrange fo r more clearing of customer positions. The development of new frameworks for clearing customer-to-dealer CDS positions is in progress. In summary, the increased use of central clearing represents the most powerful way to reduce systemic risk arising from OTC derivatives markets. Some key steps that regulators should take are: (1) pressuring dealers to adopt specific numerical targets for lowering exposures (before collateral) on uncleared derivatives positions, (2) increasing regulatory capital requirements for uncleared versus cleared derivatives, (3) persuading dealers to clear a greater fraction of dealer-to-customer positions, and (4) fostering international coordination in the regulation, supervision, and failure resolution of clearing houses. It would be counterproductive, in my opinion, for regulators to reach for legal definitions of the types of derivatives that are to be cleared. Improved Price Transparency: Markets tend to be more efficient when the going price is well known by market participants. OTC derivatives markets have limited price transparency. For relatively standard types of derivatives, such as certain interest-rate swaps and credit default swaps, representative quotes are published through financial reporting services such as Markit Partners and Bloomberg, or on inter-dealer broker screens. Customers of dealers are nevertheless normally much less well informed about recent execution prices than are the dealers with whom they execute their trades, and are thus at a bargaining disadvantage to the dealers. This is not a big issue from the viewpoint of systemic risk, but it is a relevant concern with respect to market efficiency and the division of gains from trade between dealers and their customers. But on the other side from dealers point of view with more improved price transparency would reduce the incentives of dealers to make markets because the customers will be h aving the price of previously traded contract and in the end reduce market liquidity. Improved Position Transparency: A separate issue is the availability of data on the sizes of derivatives positions, which allow the monitoring of risk concentrations that can have systemic implications. There are concerns, however, about what amount and type of data is appropriate to be disclosed, and to whom. The Treasury plan and the Frank-Peterson principles call for all OTC derivative trades to be reported to qualified trade registries. The Treasury plan also calls for public disclosure of aggregate position information, and proposes that individual positions should not be disclosed. Aggregate position information Public disclosure of market-aggregated position sizes seems well warranted. Currently, for example, for each of 1,000 large corporate or sovereign borrowers, DerivServ discloses the total quantity of CDS positions that are held as protection against the default of the borrower. This open interest information assists investors in judging the degree to which investors, in aggregate, are concerned about the creditworthiness of individual borrowers, as well as the degree to which sellers of protection in the CDS market could be harmed, in aggregate, if the borrower defaults. The BIS, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, ISDA, and other agencies provide some aggregate market position information, although the frequency of these reports and their coarse levels of aggregation leave room from significant improvements in the information that investors can collect on OTC market risks. Regulators should push, in broad set of active OTC derivatives markets, for something akin to t he frequency (weekly) and degree of refinement of DerivServ open-interest reporting. For example, had the DerivServ Trade Information Warehouse, which now provides electronic documentation of almost all standard CDS contracts, not existed by the time of the financial crisis, the default of Lehman Brothers would probably have been accompanied by substantially greater market uncertainty, and potentially by panic as dealers and others attempted to determine the extents of their CDS exposures. In fact, the CDS positions triggered by Lehmans default were well documented and were settled in an orderly manner. All recorded sellers of protection performed on their obligations. Individual position information It is sometimes claimed that OTC derivatives pose dangerous risks because the public does not have the opportunity to see the sizes of positions held by individual investors. OTC derivatives markets are no more opaque in this respect than organized derivatives exchanges. Indeed, individual positions are almost never disclosed in any financial markets. The main exception is the SEC requirement for investors in the common shares of public corporations to disclose holdings once they exceed given thresholds, relative to the total number of outstanding shares. These equity position disclosures are not motivated by systemic risk monitoring, but are instead designed to address issues related to the potential control of U.S. corporations. Derivatives positions do not convey control. In general, the public disclosure of individual derivatives positions would reduce the incentives of investors to collect and analyze fundamental information. The efficiency with which prices are determined would decline correspondingly. Privacy concerns might also be raised. The public disclosure of individual derivatives positions should not be mandated as an approach to reducing systemic risk unless there is compelling evidence that disclosure to regulators alone is not sufficient. There is, however, a good case for mandating the public disclosure of derivatives positions (whether obtained on exchanges or over the counter) that offset the economic exposures of major holders of debt or equity in public corporations. For example, the public has an interest in discovering whether a major shareholder, who ostensibly contributes to proper corporate governance, has severely diluted its governance incentives through a derivatives position. Likewise, the major creditors of a distressed corporation are normally presumed to act in a manner that mitigates distress costs. If, however, a creditor has purchased protection against default using credit derivatives, the creditor may even have a n et incentive to accelerate the default or may have a substantially diluted interest in raising the recovery value of debt claims. In general, regulators should rationalize disclosure requirements for derivatives positions that raise substantial concerns over moral hazard in corporate governance. Migration of derivatives trading onto exchanges: Because derivatives traded on exchanges have almost immediate price transparency and are almost invariably cleared, exchanges offer obvious improvements over OTC trading for those types of derivatives that have enough volume of trade to justify the setup costs of exchange trading. Once traded on exchanges, moreover, a broader set of investors can take part in the benefits of hedging and speculation, and can further add to market efficiency and, particularly, liquidity. Dealers, however, reap substantial profits from OTC trading, and have little incentive to foster the migration of trading from the OTC market to exchanges, even after a derivative product achieves a high level of standardization and breadth of investor activity. Anyone suggesting otherwise should be embarrassed by the examples of standardized and extremely heavily traded derivatives that are available only in the OTC market, such as CDX.NA.IG default-swap index derivatives, which are based on a basket of bonds iss ued by large investment-grade North American corporations. I can think of no good reason that the public interest is best served by having such benchmark financial products available only through negotiation with dealers. There also exist electronic trading platforms that offer a degree of price transparency and breadth of access lying between the extremes represented by fully private OTC negotiation and central exchange trading. These platforms are organized by dealers, inter-dealer brokers, or specialty financial services firms such as TradeWeb or BrokerHub. On such platforms, dealers compete for orders by displaying quotes. Typically, counterparties can contact other counterparties offering quotes, and then complete the negotiation of trades in private. More extensive use of electronic trading platforms and of TRACE-like price transparency would reduce the inefficiencies associated with OTC market opaqueness. Indeed, the Treasury plan would require that all standardized der ivatives be traded on exchanges or on alternative swap execution facilities, apparently referring to trading platforms of the sort mentioned above. Forcing derivatives trading onto exchanges by regulation must nevertheless be done with caution. It is not easy to gauge the costs and benefits, case by case. Simple rules based on measured volume might encourage unintended behavior by dealers, such as using excessive customization to limit the development of liquidity. Further, even for relatively high-volume products, OTC markets are sometimes able to handle very large trade sizes more easily than exchanges, just as large blocks of equities are often handled by private negotiation despite the availability of active equity exchanges. Beneficial financial innovation could also be stifled if OTC derivatives are regulated onto exchanges before dealers can generate a sufficient return on their investment in developing new financial products. Curbing Speculative Trade: It has been proposed that speculative derivatives trading should be severely curbed, or even in the case of CDS markets outlawed. These proposals are based, at least in part, on a misconception of the role of speculation. The U.S. House of Representatives has voted in favor of Waxman-Markey, which, if passed without alteration, would prevent an investor from entering into a credit default swap unless the investor has an associated commercial business exposure to the borrower named in the CDS. (The disallowed trade has been called a naked CDS.) This measure is seriously flawed. If it is enacted, an investor that does have a commercial hedging need for CDS protection would often face difficulty finding a suitable counterparty. Apparently, the counterparty would also be legally required to have a commercial need to hedge against the default of the same borrower. The elimination of speculation through this measure is analogous to regulation against hurricane insurance. Insurers have no natural hedging motive in offering hurricane insurance. They are effectively speculators. That is, they believe that the likelihood of a hurricane is low enough relative to the insurance premium that they can generate an expected profit on each new policy, although taking the risk of a significant loss in the event of a hurricane. To the extent that insurers are prevented from speculating in this manner, those with a desire to reduce risk by purchasing insurance would lose access to counterparties willing to bear the risk, or would pay a much larger insurance premium given the resulting scarcity of risk-bearing capacity. A related measure, proposed by George Soros and included as a legislative option in the Frank-Peterson principles, would allow speculators to sell default protection but not to buy default protection. Such a rule would lead to a loss of market liquidity and a reduced quality of price discovery. Suppose, for example, that the CDS market currently offers p rotection on a named borrower at a premium that is much lower than the borrowers poor financial condition actually warrants. Under the proposed regulation, speculators would not have the incentive to discover the true financial health of the borrower, buying protection until the market price of protection rises, thereby revealing the weakness of the borrower to everyone. Outlawing the speculative use of credit default swaps to buy protection would have the unintended consequences of reducing market liquidity (because those selling protection would have less incentive to incur the costs of remaining informed and active traders) and of driving this form of speculation under the radar, through the use of less effective and transparent types of financial products. There are no specific regulatory limits on the sizes of OTC derivatives positions that may be held by a hedge fund, although dealers holding the other sides of these positions indirectly limit systemic risk to some extent t hrough their own limits on counterparty exposures and with the collateral requirements that they impose on hedge funds. Through laws that prohibit price manipulation, the SEC and the CFTC already have an adequate legal framework for pursuing anyone attempting to corner or otherwise manipulate organized securities or derivatives markets. For example, both the CFTC and the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) charged Amaranth with market manipulation over its natural gas futures positions. The proposed Treasury plan includes several new measures designed to limit manipulation of OTC derivatives markets, mainly with respect to trading on alternative swap execution facilities. Improved corporate governance in the area of risk management: Derivatives that are not easily cleared or exchange traded are typically those customized to suit the specific business uses of investors. There should be some tolerance for financial innovation and customization. Economic efficiency is harmed if those with commercial needs for hedging are forced entirely into standard derivatives positions that are relatively poor hedges, or if derivatives markets are unable to innovate along with changes in the economy. For example, when interest-rate swaps first appeared in the 1980s, they were low-volume customized financial instruments. Had non-standard derivatives been heavily penalized at that time, a useful financial innovation could have been stifled. The AIG derivatives fiasco was extremely costly to taxpayers. The AIG credit default swaps would not have been sufficiently standard to be cleared. By their nature, the risks of customized derivatives are more difficult to monitor than those of standard derivatives. Risk management by AIGs senior management and board, and supervision by the regulator of its derivatives activities, the Office of Thrift Supervision, were inadequate. In my opinion, corporate boards and regulatory supervisors should have more effective risk management credentials or training. The quality of risk management by corporate boards might also be raised by the increased use of professional services in risk auditing, in the manner that boards currently rely on independent financial accounting auditors. Rules should be flexible to allow for and react to changes in markets: Policymakers should keep in mind that markets evolve. Markets cannot be created by government fiat, and they are distorted by government intervention.Where regulation is necessary, it should be flexible enough to allow continued market evolution and to respond to that evolution in appropriate ways. Sound regulation interacts with markets rather than insisting that markets conform to preconceived government categories and jurisdictions.While central clearing for many CDS contracts is now feasible, regulations should remain sufficiently flexible to allow new or revised credit products to trade and develop in non-cleared markets.Over time, successful products will develop sufficient volume and standardization to permit clearing or exchange trading. However, imposing such requirements on new products when they are initiated initiated would prevent useful experimentation and market evolution.Those who would disrupt derivatives market improvements by mandating a change in regulatory juri sdiction should be required to meet the high burden of proof that the regulatory disruption is both necessary and likely to improve current arrangements. The House Agriculture Committees proposal to restrict derivative clearing to CFTC-regulated clearinghouses fails both prongs of this test. Conclusion: In order to reduce systemic risk arising in derivatives markets, regulators should push for more extensive clearing through immediate pressure on dealers for numerical targets and, as soon as possible, through revisions to regulatory capital requirements. Regulatory language that defines the specific types of derivatives to be cleared would have counterproductive unintended consequences. Derivatives positions should be comprehensively disclosed to regulators, and should be disclosed to the public only after aggregation, except for cases in which the disclosure of specific individual positions would inform the public about significant moral hazards in corporate governance. In order to improve market efficiency, over-the-counter prices should be published much more systematically, for example through TRACE-like post-trade reporting systems, which should be mandated for at least all cleared derivatives. Greater competition, even within the OTC market, can be achieved with more effe ctive and widespread use of electronic trading platforms. Regulators should foster the migration of trading from over-the-counter markets to exchanges whenever warranted by sufficiently active trading. Severe curbs on speculation detract from market efficiency and increase price volatility. Speculative position limits should be adopted only where valid concerns over systemic risk or market manipulation cannot be addressed by other means. Corporate boards should be encouraged to improve their corporate governance in the area of risk management, for example from increased representation on boards of suitable specialists or by the retention of professional risk auditors. All that I am suggesting today is that we bring the CDS market fully into the light of transparency by listing most of these contracts on exchanges, that we require adequate capital and collateral for all players in both exchange and OTC markets, for end users and dealers alike; and that we force parties writing def ault protection to show that they understand the risk implications of same.

About Architect Michael Graves and Postmodernism

Architect Michael Graves postmodernist designs were provocative and innovative. He brought color and playfulness to tall, office buildings, while at the same time designing everyday objects such as teakettles and kitchen trashcans for ordinary consumers. Paralyzed late in life, Graves also become a spokesman for universal design and Wounded Warriors. Background: Born: July 9, 1934 in Indianapolis, Indiana Died: March 12, 2015 in Princeton, New Jersey Education: University of Cincinnati, OhioHarvard UniversityFellow at the American Academy in Rome Important Buildings and Projects: Michael Graves home, New Jersey, now part of Michael Graves College at Kean University1982: Portland Building, Portland, Oregon1983: San Juan Capistrano Library, California1985: Humana Tower, Louisville, Kentucky1987-1990: The Dolphin and Swan Hotels, Orlando, Florida1990: Denver Public Library, Denver, Colorado1991: Team Disney Building, Burbank, California1993: U.S. Post Office, Celebration, Florida1995: Engineering Research Center, Cincinnati, Ohio1997: United States Federal Courthouse, Washington, DC1998-2000; 2013-2014: Washington Monument Illumination, Washington, DC2011: The Wounded Warrior Home Project at Fort Belvoir More Than Architecture: Household Designs Michael Graves has designed furnishings, artifacts, jewelry, and dinnerware for companies such as Disney, Alessi, Steuben, Phillips Electronics, and Black Decker. Graves is most famous for designing more than 100 products, ranging from a toilet brush to a $60,000 outdoor pavilion, for Target stores. Related People: Robert Venturi and Denise Scott BrownPhilip JohnsonPart of the New York Five,   subject of the MoMA exhibition and book Five Architects, along with Peter Eisenman, Charles Gwathmey,  Richard Meier and John HejdukDisney Architects Michael Graves Illness: In 2003, a sudden illness left Michael Graves paralyzed from the waist down. Confined to a wheelchair late in life, Graves combined his sophisticated and often whimsical approach to design with a deeper understanding of the importance of accessibility. Awards: 1979: Fellow of the American Institute of Architects (FAIA)1999: National Medal of Arts2001: Gold Medal, American Institute of Architects (AIA) More About Michael Graves: Michael Graves is often credited with moving American architectural thought from abstract modernism to post-modernism. Graves founded his practice in Princeton, New Jersey in 1964 and taught at Princeton University in New Jersey for 40 years. His works range from grand projects such as the Public Services Building in Portland Oregon to designs for furniture, teapots, and other household items. Borrowing heavily from the past, Graves often combined traditional details with whimsical flourishes. He was, perhaps, at his most playful when he designed the Dolphin and Swan Hotels for the Walt Disney World Resort in Florida. The Dolphin Hotel is a turquoise and coral pyramid. A 63-foot-dolphin sits on top, and water cascades down the side. The Swan Hotel has a gently curved roof-line topped with 7-foot swans. The two hotels are connected by an awning-sheltered walkway over a lagoon. What Others Say About Graves: Michael couldn’t abide students who didn’t take their work seriously. But he was especially generous with those who did, and unlike most other teachers, he could draw every building he taught them. He was a consummate talent, an artist-architect, and a teacher who challenged how we think by how we see. Very few can do that. Very few ever try. Michael did try, and therein is the mark of a hero, a master of the discipline who passed on everything he knew.—Peter Eisenman, 2015 Learn More: Five Architects: Eisenman, Graves, Gwathmey, Hejduk, Meier Sources: Peter Eisenman quote from A Special Tribute to Michael Graves: 1934–2015 by Samuel Medina, Metropolis Magazine, May 2015; Michael Gravess Residence, Rejected by Princeton, Is to Be Sold to Kean University by Joshua Barone, The New York Times, June 27, 2016 at www.nytimes.com/2016/06/28/arts/design/michael-gravess-residence-rejected-by-princeton-set-for-sale-to-kean-university.html [accessed July 8, 2016]

Rhetoric And Its Impact On Politics - 1157 Words

Rhetoric Is Being Misused In Politics Philosophers, such as Plato, Gorgias, Aristotle, had always been debating about rhetoric’s definition. However, commonly, they agree that it is a very strong and effective art, in which aiming for persuasion. Throughout the history, rhetoric has always been in a strong relation with politics. Politics is a very vague and furious world however, most people approach in order to better demonstrate a balanced social community thus a balanced country. Despite all the great usefulness that politics provide, the bad practices and Ideals of it has always led; globally and internationally, to fierce conflicts. These conflicts are also a result of the strong competitions between politicians over two main objects: power and money. It is agreed upon by philosophers that rhetoric benefits human greatly and in different ways, however, it is mostly used in politics as a tool in which serves one’s, Party’s, or group’s interests. The US 2016 Presidential Campaign, is a str ong example in which shows how some Candidates misuse rhetoric aiming to win the competition and serve their personal interests. The United Stated of America has a long history with political rhetoric, with different types and modes. â€Å"The transformation of partisan rhetoric in America presidential campaigns.1952-2012,† is an article by: Jesse H Rhodes, an Associate Professor in the Department of PoliticalShow MoreRelatedCommunication And The Digital Age1205 Words   |  5 Pagescommunication skills is essential as interaction with people, whether it is face to face, over the internet, or through the phone, is inevitable. However, evolving technology has resulted in a change in the way people communicate, especially in the field of politics. Thanks to technology information is now able to become widespread quickly. This high-speed information is changing the way in which political messages are conveyed. 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This paper will explore the criminalization of immigration phenomenon broadly by detailing the social forces that have contributed to the convergenceRead MoreSocial Media s Influence On Our Lives1747 Words   |  7 PagesSocial media has had a tremendous impact on our lives, influencing the way we communicate, in teract, and even think. In the 21st century, social media has emerged as a tool utilized in all aspects of life, ranging from entertainment to politics. In the context of politics, the lack of gatekeepers in social media has provided an even playing field for candidates to communicate with the public, and due to the effects this medium had on communication, public discourse has been influenced to fit theRead MoreNationalism And The National Mold Of The Majority Faction957 Words   |  4 Pagesfrom methods of garnering support, to passionate state-based rhetoric, to their association with the Republican Party. Perhaps nationalism’s potential lay in its modern association with freedom. Under the modern Western understanding of government and society, freedom and nationalism are both born and matured through the values of the social contract. But it appears that nationalism and freedom have become conflated in modern politics, primarily within the conservative ideology and the current Republican

William Shakespeare s A Midsummer Night s Dream, And...

William Shakespeare is arguably the greatest playwright of modern Western civilization. He wrote 37 plays in his lifetime, all of which have some varying degree of fame, such as Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, and Twelfth Night. Although he has been dead for 400 years, these pieces are still being read and analyzed under scrutiny today. One of the plays that seems to get the most attention is Hamlet. Much of the diction uses double entendre which causes much dispute among critics, and because of this there have been many elements of this play that have been put under a very fine microscope. One of these is the main male characters’ treatment of the women in the play, Gertrude and Ophelia. It is very apparent from the very beginning that on the surface the characters Polonius, Laertes, Claudius, and Hamlet think very little of these women as people, often citing sexual references in a few different ways directly in front of them with total disregard for their feelings, yet they also show true compassion toward them and seem to care for their well-being. These women provide much more, however. Ultimately it can easily be said that, based on the evidence, the entire reason for Hamlet’s, as well as the other male character’s, motives have to do directly with the influence these women have on them, so in many ways these women are responsible for the entire outcome of the play. Though they may appear on the surface to be one-dimensional characters, GertrudeShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Twelfth Night1502 Words   |  7 PagesThe very ï ¬ rst word following the dramatis personae in the text of William Shakespeare s comedy, Twelfth Night, or What You Will, is Music. 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Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder - 869 Words

Families with children with autism spectrum disorder(ASD) experiences more stress than the typical family without a children with ASD. A previous research study by Baker-Ericzen, Brookman-Frazee Stahmer(2005, p. 194) supports this statement, â€Å"Both parents of children with ASD report higher levels of both parent and child related stress juxtaposed with parents of typically developing toddlers†. In order to comprehend the information of the study, one must understand what autism spectrum disorder is. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is broad term which is used to describe autism and four other disabilities that affects one s ability to socialize, communicate, and respond to one s environment. Autism is a complex disorder of brain development that is characterized in varying degrees of difficulties in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication and repetitive behaviors. Some of these symptoms include: a delay or lack in communication and social interaction, violent and disruptive behavior, and inappropriate eating and toileting. ASD is a disorder that impacts males more than females. According to statistics from CDC’s Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network, about 1 in 68 children have been identified with ASD. As this time, there are no known cures for ASD. However, there are many treatment options which may help reduce symptoms and support development and learning. When people think of autism spectrum disorder, they think how theShow MoreRelatedChildren With Autism Spectrum Disorder1502 Words   |  7 Pagesby a disorder that affects the very things we need to fit in to society. The ability to be able to fit in, communicate and behave in proper ways, allows us to function, work and survive in life. 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The probability of vaccines in children resulting in autism was challenged by various researchers from around the world has proven to be untrue (GerberRead MoreChildren With Autism Spectrum Disorder Essay2241 Words   |  9 PagesAbstract Siblings of children with autism spectrum disorder have received little Research attention historically, with most family studies focusing on either the child with the illness/disorder or the parents. More recently, research has identified that these children may need support in their own right, yet little published research is reported to inform this support. The aim of this systematic review was to identify the extent to which siblings of children with autism spectrum disorder facing psychosocialRead MoreChildren With Autism Spectrum Disorder993 Words   |  4 PagesNational Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Autism is defined as a spectrum disorder (ASD). It refers to a wide range of complex neurodevelopment conditions characterized by repetitive and distinctive patterns of behavior and difficulties with social skills, communication, and interaction. The symptoms start from early childhood and affect daily functioning. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC) approximates ASD’s prevalence as 1 in 68 children in the United States.  The DiagnosticRead MoreChildren With Autism Spectrum Disorder1796 Words   |  8 PagesParenting Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Doctors diagnose one in sixty-eight children with Autism Spectrum Disorder every day. Autism Spectrum Disorder is a developmental disorder that affects children’s social skills, communication skills, and their behavior. The symptoms of ASD range from moderate to severe and vary from each child. Raising typical children is difficult, but raising children with disabilities adds to the stress of parenting. There is a strain on parents who have children withRead MoreChildren With Autism Spectrum Disorder949 Words   |  4 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorder is a frightening diagnosis for most families that can bring with it fears of an uncertain future. Support for children with autism and their families is essential because it isn t something that children will just grow out of. It is a life-long condition, but the right treatment, support and care can create a positive outcome for everyone concerned. Diagnosis Early diagnosis is the most important thing you can do to help your child, as it is the first step in understandingRead MoreChildren With Autism Spectrum Disorder1493 Words   |  6 Pagestwo million individuals are affected by autism in the United States and it is one of the fastest growing disorders but with very much research being put behind it. Autism can tend to be one of the most confusing and stressful disorders but yet it is still able to be coped with lots of patience. Imagine being put down or not given an opportunity deserved because of something that is out of one’s control, more specifically children with autism spectrum disorder. Parents have a huge role in preparingRead MoreChildren With Autism Spectrum Disorder2302 Words   |  10 Pagesof all children. Children play for many reasons including learning, exercise, stimulation, and for pure entertainment. They are learning and exploring the world around them by testing out ideas and just having fun playing w ith simple objects. However, like language, play is a skill that develops in stages. As a child gradually learns to understand the world around him or her, they begin to play and learn by engaging in exploratory and manipulative play. This is no different for children withRead MoreChildren With Autism Spectrum Disorder853 Words   |  4 Pageswise) (Green, S., Davis, C., Karshmer, E., Marsh, P., Straight, B, 2005) Autism spectrum disorder pose greater threat to the family because of many reasons like the child with autism spectrum disorder is likely to be accompanied by disruptive antisocial behaviour. Second for the parents the process of make an accurate diagnosis and obtaining treatment is often a frustrating experience. Third after the diagnoses of the disorder the proper access to the services available for the child and family isRead MoreChildren With Autism Spectrum Disorder956 Words   |  4 Pageslives of children with autism spectrum disorder, and the battles the parents have to face. According to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (2015), â€Å"Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) refers to a group of complex neurodevelopment disorders characterized by repetitive and characteristic patterns of behavior and difficulties with social communication and interaction.† As someone who lives with an autistic child, the daily challenges faced are enormous. Autistic children tend to have

Discuss the Role of Benjamin and the Sheep in Animal Farm free essay sample

Discuss the role of Benjamin and the Sheep. In the novel ‘Animal Farm’ written by George Orwell both Benjamin the donkey and the sheep are introduced on page two, â€Å"Benjamin was the oldest animal on the farm, and the worst tempered† and â€Å"the sheep and cows lay down behind the pigs. † This is the first introduction of the animals on the farm and it immediately gives the reader an indication about how important they will be in the novel as the sheep have not even been described all the reader knows is where they lay and gives the reader an idea on their status compared to the other animals. Benjamin’s next appearance is on page eighteen when he expresses his attitude towards the rebellion, â€Å"about the rebellion and its results he would express no opinion†. This tells the audience that Benjamin is a bad â€Å"tempered† character but not this it hints to the reader that he has a pessimistic attitude towards life. Benjamin is very important in terms of his opinions towards the rebellion as he helps to foreshadow the rebellion reverting backwards as â€Å"donkeys live a long time. † This tells the reader that he has seen it all happen before and that nothing every stays right for long. Despite Benjamin being a miserable character, he still fought in the batter of the cowshed, Snowball now launched his second line of attack. Muriel, Benjamin and all the sheep. This shows how Benjamin just does what he is told, and that he isnt an argumentative character this could be because of his cynic attitude as he knows everything is going to go wrong anyway because donkeys live a long time. This helps the audience to question whether or not the rebellion will be successful or not as Benjamin is always used to help lower the optimism of the animals throughout the book. Benjamin and the sheep show a good contrast as they are both very similar in the ways that they are controlled and ordered. However the sheep do not have the knowledge which Benjamin knows as they have not seen things come and go. The sheep are in the same line of attack as Benjamin and I think this shows that the animals in this line of attack are very similar. This infers to the reader that if the rebellion was to revert backwards they would all be equally powerless and hopeless. Benjamin’s cynic attitude is maintained throughout the novel and is again shown to be a miserable character, â€Å"only old Benjamin refused to grow enthusiastic about the windmill, though as usual, he would utter nothing beyond a cryptic remark that donkeys live a long time†. This was said on page forty three and it reminds the reader about the possibility of the windmill going wrong and this is playing a big role in the prefiguring of the windmill failing to be built successfully as he has seen many things go wrong in his lifetime. Even thought Benjamin is the â€Å"worst tempered† animal on the farm he still shows a lot of affection towards Boxer, â€Å"without openly admitting it, he was devoted to Boxer. † This was said in his character description on page two and it helps to show Benjamin as a human and it makes the audience think about him in society and the impact that he has. By looking at him like this we are able to start to understand the lack of power these animals have compared to the other human beings in society. This plays a huge role in our understanding of status and higherarky around the farm as we are able to interpret the farm animals as human beings. Benjamin is character that does not like to get involve because he knows something is always going to go wrong, â€Å"Clover asked Benjamin to read her the sixth commandment, and when Benjamin, as usual, said that he refused to meddle in such matters. † This was said on page fifty-six and it shows Benjamin’s pessimistic attitude as he does not want to take any interest into what is going on around him as he knows what is eventually going to happen through his life experiences. Benjamin can sometimes come across as a smug character due to his knowledge and this helps to reinforce to the reader that things are not going to work out on the farm, â€Å"slowly, and with an air almost of amusement, Benjamin nodded his long muzzle†. The word â€Å"amusement† portrays Benjamin to be smug at this moment in the book because he knew that the windmill was going to go wrong. This makes the audience think that every cynical statement that Benjamin says it likely to be true making his function very important as it helps the reader to understand what is going to happen in the following chapters. Benjamin is also seen again on page sixty-eight and we know again that something is going to go wrong again, â€Å"except old Benjamin, who nodded his muzzle with a knowing air, and seemed to understand, but would say nothing. † The reader is now starting to see a trend in Benjamin’s senses, â€Å"with an air almost of amusement† and â€Å"with a knowing air† (page 68) these very similar sentences tell the reader that Benjamin could see all of this happening and that he knew everything was going to go wrong. The role of Benjamin is to help prefigure what is going o happen, so when he urges boxer to slow down on page sixty-nine, â€Å"Benjamin urged Boxer to work less hard† the reader knows straight away that Boxer is going to get seriously hurt. This is very shocking for the reader because his death is prefigured on page five, â€Å"Boxer, the very day that those great muscles of yours lose their power, Jones will sell you to the knacker. † T his shows how close Benjamin and Boxer are but also prefigures the death of Boxer which is done using the knowledge which boxer has retained from his long life. Benjamin has a family like relationship with Boxer, â€Å"Benjamin, who lay down at Boxer’s side, and, without speaking, kept the flies off him with his long tail. † On page seventy-five audience see Benjamin showing his compassion towards Boxer and it helps use see Benjamin as a real person and this plays a big role in how we feel when we read on as when Boxer does get taken away to the knackers we see Benjamin and Boxer as people and it makes it more distressing and more heart breaking for the reader. After Boxer’s death Benjamin becomes more miserable and quiet and his attitude gets worse, â€Å"more morose and taciturn than ever. (page 80) Suddenly Benjamin has become even more cynical possibly because life has got worse than he expected. Benjamin’s role in the novel is to now express the lack of hope there is on the farm especially as Boxer was symbolic of hope and now all hope has gone Benjamin is there to symbolise that to the audience so they are able to understand how bad things are getting on the farm. Benjamin plays a big role on page eighty-four when he reads out the last broken commandment for Clover, â€Å"for once Benjamin consented to break his rule and he read out to her what was written on the wall. This is very striking because Benjamin knew that â€Å"some animals are more equal than others† all along and it is very upsetting for the reader as all hope is lost for the animals and all the animals know that now through the breaking and changing of the commandments. The sheep are used to heckle other farm animals so that it is impossible for any opinions to be raised. The sheep are often heard when Squealer is talking to the other farm animals about changes which have taken place on the farm, â€Å"of late the sheep had taken to bleating ‘four legs good, two legs bad’ both in and out of season†. The sheep are very easily manipulated because of their lack of intelligence and Napoleon was keep to take advantage of this to use it in his favour so Snowball would get interrupted during his speeches, â€Å"especially liable to break into ‘four legs good, two legs bad’ at the crucial moments in Snowball’s speeches. † This was due to Napoleon training them like he did with the dogs. The role of the sheep is to interrupt Snowball so that Napoleon is able to get his own way. The sheep have little knowledge and power on the farm which is why they are the animals to be manipulated to work in Napoleons favour. On Pages twenty-nine, thirty-two, thirty-four and forty the sheep either interrupt Snowball whilst he is talking, â€Å"occasionally interrupted by bleating from the sheep† or they are heard to prevent any discussion developing so that Napoleon is able to get his way, â€Å"tremendous bleating of ’four legs good, two legs bad’ which went on for nearly a quarter of an hour which out an end to any chance of discussion†. The sheep are used to stop the farm animals from asking any questions which could possibly cause the rebellion to progress this allows Napoleon to take charge and to take what the animals work for without questions. The sheep are also potentially used to scare the other farm animals, because the sheep are very easily manipulated it is quite possible that Napoleon had forced them to confess to a crime which that had committed, â€Å"then a sheep confessed to having urinated in the drinking pool – urged to do this, so she said† (page 53). More sheep continued to confess to various crimes and their role is to sacrifice themselves so that the other farm animals would be too scared to stir up a rebellion against Napoleon. The sheep are seen again on page fifty-six carrying out the same role of heckling so that the other animals do not get a chance to protest, â€Å"some of the animals might possibly have protested, but at this moment the sheep set up with their usual bleating of ‘four legs good, two legs bad’†. This ensured that Napoleons decision of the abolishment of ‘Beats of England’ did not get argued against as the moment which they could have possibly said anything had already passed. This role which the sheep undertake is very important in terms of the rebellion reverting backwards as if they didn’t interrupt the positive ideas the Snowball came up with they could be living better lives. Not only this but if they didn’t bleat out ‘four legs good, two legs bad’ after Napoleon makes a change the animals may have been able to rebel to Napoleon’s ideas resulting in a better life for the farm animals. The sheep are very easily manipulated and when they get taken away by squealer on page eighty-three we know something bad is going to happen, â€Å"squealer ordered the sheep to follow him†. We know something bad is going to happen as Napoleon did the same thing with the young puppies from Jessie and Bluebell. The sheep had been taken to convince the other farm animals that walking on two legs was good, â€Å"four legs good, two legs better†. This shows how the pigs are better than the farm animals as they are now walking on their â€Å"hind legs†. The sheep repeat this so much that the animals do not get a chance to protest, â€Å"it went on for five minutes without stopping. And by the time the sheep had quieted down, the chance to utter any protest had passed. This is the sheep’s’ main role so that the pigs are able to do what they want without the other animals protesting allowing the rebellion to revert further and further backwards. Overall, the main role of Benjamin is to prefigure the failure of the rebellion through his pessimistic attitude and through his life experiences as donkeys live a long time. And the sheep are used to help m anipulated the animals into thinking that what the pigs are doing is a good thing but also to prevent them from protesting so that the pigs are able to maintain their power and carry on doing what they want like a dictator would.

Child Custody free essay sample

Every couple enters a relationship with the romantic dream of getting married, starting a family, and living happily ever after. Truth is it may sound all good and well however not all relationships and marriages go the distance. According to the American Psychological Association, 40 to 50 percent of marriages in the United States end in divorce (2014). After the divorce process comes the real complicated part, the child custody process. When a family separates and begins living in different households agreements have to be made regarding the welfare of the children. Child custody has evolved greatly over the years and no longer favors one parent over the other. Assuming society was to once again adopt the customs of ancient times there would be no need for custody hearings because the fathers were responsible for the children. The term used was Patria Potesta which granted the man of the house automatic power over the family. We will write a custom essay sample on Child Custody or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Patria Potesta was mainly based on the fact that families worked the land they also lived on so the fathers were able to supervise the family while working. Things would change dramatically following the industrial revolution. Men no longer worked their own land instead they now worked in factories in nearby cities. This shifted the balance of child custody because now mothers were the primary keeper of the household. â€Å"With the mothers dominant at home and responsible for meeting the children’s needs throughout the day the view point developed that a mother’s continuing presence was indispensable for the physical and emotional well-being of the minor children†. (Luppino, 2012) In the years to follow the balance would once again shift this time to a mutual benefit. Women were now given better job opportunities so they worked outside of the home and quickly became bread winners of the house. So now the concept of the mother being indispensable because of her dominant presence at home was no longer a valid argument for most working women. With men and women now both being financial supporters of their households child custody decision had to be made based on what was best for the child not just who was around the house more. To determine child custody courts applied the Tender Years Doctrine which was later renamed to Best Interest of the child. The courts needed some kind of structure to base the best placement for the children. In some cases it can be easy to determine where the children should reside because the parents are on mutual agreeing terms and then the official judgment is made. When the parents are not on agreeing terms the courts have to step in and make the decisions for them using the best interest of the child doctrine: ARIZONA REVISED STATUTES ANNOTATED (WEST) 25. 403. Custody; Best Interest of Child. . . . A. The court shall determine custody, either originally or upon petition for modification, in accordance with the best interests of the child. The court shall consider all relevant factors, including: 1. The wishes of the child’s parent or parents as to custody. 2. The wishes of the child as to the custodian. 3. The interaction and interrelationship of the child with the child’s parent or parents, the child’s siblings and any other person who may significantly affect the child’s best interest. 4. The child’s adjustment to home, school and community. 5. The mental and physical health of all individuals involved. 6. Which parent is more likely to allow the child frequent and meaningful continuing contact with the other parent. 7. If one parent, both parents, or neither parent has provided primary care of the child. 8. The nature and extent of coercion or duress used by a parent in obtaining an agreement regarding custody. 9. Whether a parent has complied with Chapter 3 article 5 of this title. (p. 200-201) Keep in mind that though all states share the same overall concern for the children, each state has their own set of child custody rules. When dealing with so many different states it would only make sense to devise a system to oversee and govern state court decisions. That is where the Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act come in to play. The Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act (UCCJEA) is a Uniform Act written by the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws in 1997. The UCCJEA governs state courts’ jurisdiction to create and modify â€Å"child-custody determinations,† a term that expressly includes custody and visitation orders. † This requires state courts to enforce valid child-custody and visitation determinations created by sister state courts. It additionally establishes innovative interstate enforcement procedures. (Kidnapping, 2002) The UCCJEA applies to a variety of proceedings during which custody or visitation is at issue; Consent to temporary enforcement of visitation determinations; Consent to courts to exercise emergency jurisdiction in cases involving family abuse and limits the relief offered in emergency cases to temporary custody orders; Set up a registration procedure for out of State custody determinations. Also it establishes a procedure for quick interstate enforcement of custody and visitation determinations. The UCCJEA replaced the â€Å"Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction Act†, as a result of the recent act was inconsistent with the federal Parental Kidnapping Prevention Act. The UCCJEA corrects these issues. The UCCJEA additionally, conjointly uniform procedures to register and enforce child-custody orders across state lines. (Kidnapping, 2002) The UCCJEA needs State courts to acknowledge and enforce custody determinations created by foreign courts underneath factual circumstances that well adjust with the UCCJEA’s territorial standards. A state court does not have to enforce an overseas judicial writ if the child-custody law of the foreign country violates basic principles of human rights. The UCCJEA is a uniform state law concerning jurisdiction in child custody cases. It specifies which court ought to decide a custody case, not however the court should decide the case. The UCCJEA sets forth four bases for jurisdiction: home state, important connection, a lot of acceptable forum and no alternative state jurisdiction. The UCCJEA prioritizes home state jurisdiction, and, except in emergencies, a court might not exercise jurisdiction if a proceeding is pending elsewhere in keeping with the UCCJEA (Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act, 2003). â€Å"Home state: the home state is that the state wherever the child lived with a parent or someone acting as a parent for a minimum of six months directly before the custody action was filed. Home state jurisdiction exists within the child’s current home state or in a state that was the child’s home state at intervals six months before the case began. † â€Å"Significant connection: is when a state has important connection jurisdiction if the child and at least one parent have a major connection with the state. There should be substantial proof within the state regarding the child’s care, protection, training, and personal relationships. â€Å"More appropriate forum: this kind of jurisdiction exists once each the home state and also the important association jurisdiction have declined to exercise jurisdiction on the grounds that a court of another state is that the more appropriate forum. † â€Å"No Other State Jurisdiction: this kind of jurisdiction exists once no court of any other state would have home state, important connection or additional acceptable forum jurisdiction. † â€Å"Emergency: A court could exercise emergency jurisdiction if the child is present within the state and also the child has been abandoned or its necessary in an emergency to safeguard the child as a result of the child or a family member of the child is subjected to and/or threatened with neglect or abuse. Emergency jurisdiction is temporary, however under certain circumstances, such orders will be final. † The UCCJEA urges courts in other jurisdictions to communicate once one court exercises emergency jurisdiction so as to resolve the emergency, the protection of the child, and confirm the length of the temporary order. Generally, the parties should have a chance to be heard before a jurisdictional decision is formed, and also the courts should create a record of the communication. Judicial communications are often crucial to victim safety in domestic violence cases as a result of it ensures that a court isnt receiving info solely from the offender (Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act, 2003). Parental custody hearings are not just black and white; meaning one parent wins and the other parents loses. There are different types of parental custody such as Sole custody, joint custody, joint legal and physical custody or split custody. When a parent wins sole custody of their child/children they are responsible for making all decisions. The other parent may not have contact with the child unless given permission by the courts or guardian with sole custody. Joint custody means that both parents are responsible for making decisions for their child/children. Being responsible for a child or children means financially, emotionally, health, and educational needs. With joint custody both parents have to agree on how and where the child is to be raised. If one parent decides to move the child out of the state he or she must first consult the other parent when having joint custody. Joint custody can only be granted if both parents are on good standing and have great communication with each other. Although joint custody means both parents are equally responsible for the children one parent will still be the custodial parent. The children will live with the custodial parent and the non-custodial parent will have to pay child support. Joint legal and physical custody also gives both mother and father equal responsibility to make decisions for the children. What makes joint legal and physical custody different from joint custody is there will be no custodial parent. The children with live with both parents switching houses throughout the week. In most cases joint legal and physical custody does not require a single parent to pay child support because both parents are housing the children. This kind of custody arrangement can only work if both the mother and father live near each other. That way the children will be able to maintain their normal routine of going to school, doctor, friends or anything else the child would normally do. Split custody also gives both parents rights over the child; however it is a bit different than joint custody. Each parent will have the child at a different point of the year. For instance the mother will have custody from January to July and the father will have custody the rest of the year. When the parent has the child during their designated time they have sole custody and make all the decisions during that time. Parents who are not awarded custody still can seek visitation rights assuming they meet the criteria. In some cases neither the father nor the mother will be awarded custody of the children. Sometimes a third party such as a grandmother, grandfather, stepparents, former stepparents, or blood relatives can be awarded custody. The following case Bailes v. Sours is an example: â€Å"Bailes v. Sours, 231 Va. 96, 340 S. E. 2d 824 (1986) In Bailes, the Virginia Supreme Court established the parental presumption standard. The child was born in May 1972, the parents separated in June 1973, and the child lived with his father. In February 1974, the trial court awarded custody to the father and the mother was granted reasonable visitation rights. In October 1975, the father remarried and the boy lived with his father and stepmother until his father’s death in 1983. The boy thereafter resided with his stepmother. The mother would visit her son but he expressed reservations, and she said that she would not force the visits on him. He also experienced bedwetting and psychological problems in connection with the visits. The mother visited her son only eight or ten times in a nine-year period. In the meantime, the boy continued to have a close and loving relationship with his stepmother. The mother sought custody. The trial court found both women to be fit and proper persons to have custody. The mother asked for the parental presumption. The trial court found the presumption rebutted by clear, cogent and convincing evidence that the best interests of the boy demanded that he remain in the stepmother’s custody. The Virginia Supreme Court agreed. Although the presumption favoring a parent over a nonparent is a strong one, it is rebutted when certain factors are established by clear and convincing evidence. These factors are (1) parental unfitness, (2) a previous order of divestiture, (3) voluntary relinquishment, (4) abandonment, and (5) special facts and circumstances constituting an extraordinary reason for taking a child from its parent. Here the presence of extraordinary circumstances rebutted the presumption. The mother was virtually a stranger to her son. The boy had known no other home than with the stepmother. The boy, twelve years old at the time of trial, expressed a strong desire to stay with the stepmother. The psychologist concluded that to transfer the boy’s custody would have a significant, harmful, long-term impact on him† (Raynor, 2011) The fact that the child showed physical signs of distress by wetting the bed proved it would not be in his best interest to live with the mother. The stepmother has a legitimate interest in the child and the child feels more comfortable with her, this making the stepmother the best custodial guardian. A parent has the right to appeal decision made by the courts if they feel an unfair judgment was delivered. This was the case in Ferris v Underwood: Ferris v. Underwood, 3 Va. App. 25, 348 S. E. 2d 18 (1986). In Ferris, the parents were married in March 1979 and a daughter was born in March 1981. In March 1982, the mother and child left the marital home. In January 1983, custody was granted to the paternal grandmother. The court order cited the youthfulness of the parents as a reason to grant custody to the grandmother, and provided that â€Å"neither parent has waived, abandoned, or in any other manner relinquished the relationship of the natural child to its natural parent. † The parents were divorced in 1985. The mother remarried and petitioned for custody, which was granted. The grandmother appealed. The grandmother, in her brief, contended that the issue was whether the best interests of the child would be served by the transfer of custody to the mother. She maintained that the trial court applied the wrong test in reaching its determination of the best interests of the child. The Virginia Court of Appeals disagreed and affirmed the trial court ruling. It noted that the Virginia Supreme Court has recognized that the law presumes that the childs best interests (Raynor, 2011) This brings us to visitation and how schedules are made for the non-custodial parents. There are two types of visitation reasonable and fixed. Reasonable visitation means that both parents were able to agree to set dates and times for visitation. This gives the parents a chance to make a convenient visitation schedule. Those who cannot come to a mutual schedule understanding will have the courts intervene and set up the times and dates for the visit. No parent will be allowed visitation if the courts feel the child’s health will be at risk. After being awarded visitation it may be supervised or unsupervised. Unsupervised and supervised visitations are pretty much self-explained. If you are granted unsupervised visitation you may do as you please with your child assuming it is child appropriate. Supervised visitation on the other hand requires a person be present when the non-custodial parent was having visitation. Parents who are granted supervised visitation often have a negative reputation with law enforcement, alcohol abuse, drug abuse, or mental health. It is no secret that child custody disputes can be very stressful and time consuming and so it should be. This decision will determine the welfare of children and must take every detail into consideration. Conclusion: When trying to figure out what is best for the child, the parents need to come together and stop arguing over who is the better parent. Having joint custody with each parent having the same amount of time with the child is what is best as long each parent can provide and maintain a safe and happy home. Parents have to understand that each of them is divorcing one another and not divorcing the child. It will not be easy on the child at first and each parent must understand what the child is going through and not just worry about themselves. The child must come first and the parents have got to leave their hatred for each other outside and not display their anger towards one another. Sometimes it’s sad when the child acts more grown up than the parents. Keep it civil, no bad talking about each other to the child or in front of the child.